Search strings
Search strings, Web of Science
Topic
Topic: SDG 1

Search query for SDG 01 - No Poverty, Bergen topic-approach.

Current status: This string is currently a finished version.

Contents

  1. Full query
  2. General notes
  3. Documentation and strings for each target
  4. Contributions
  5. Footnotes

1. Full query

Results of the full search in its current state can be viewed on Web of Science by clicking here: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/summary/99f37634-d075-4220-8eff-7c871aea0672-55eef9dd/relevance/1 (opens in a new tab) (no filters; all years)

2. General notes

This document contains search strings for finding publications related to the topics in SDG 1 targets and indicators ("topic approach"; focus on recall, larger result set). We also have a version which finds publications related to the actions in SDG 1 targets and indicators ("action approach"; focus on precision, smaller result set), provided in the same repository as this file. For more explanation, see the Readme in this repository.

Targets and Indicators were found from the UN Statistics Division (UN Statistics Division, 2021). This list includes "the global indicator framework as contained in A/RES/71/313, the refinements agreed by the Statistical Commission at its 49th session in March 2018 (E/CN.3/2018/2, Annex II) and 50th session in March 2019 (E/CN.3/2019/2, Annex II), changes from the 2020 Comprehensive Review (E/CN.3/2020/2, Annex II) and refinements (E/CN.3/2020/2, Annex III) from the 51st session in March 2020, and refinements from the 52nd session in March 2021 (E/CN.3/2021/2, Annex)". (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ (opens in a new tab)).

Our classification of countries as least developed countries (LDCs), small island developing states (SIDS) and landlocked developing states (LDS) is taken from the Statistical Annex of United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects (tables F, H and I) (United Nations, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). Additional terms for these countries, generic terms for country groups, and terms for low and middle income countries (LMICs) were gathered from the LMIC 2020 filter from the Norwegian Satellite of Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC), developed by the Norwegian Institute of Public Heath (https://epoc.cochrane.org/lmic-filters (opens in a new tab)).

During editing of this string (2021), we have also consulted of queries from the Aurora Universities network (2020)

3. Targets

Target 1.1

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

1.1.1 Proportion of the population living below the international poverty line by sex, age, employment status and geographic location (urban/rural)

This target is interpreted as to cover research about extreme poverty. Here we consider relevance limited to research about absolute poverty, vs. target 1.2 which is about poverty generally.

This query consists of 1 phrase. The elements of the phrase are: extreme/global poverty.

(("liv*" OR "surviv*" ) NEAR/5 "$1.25 ")) was taken out as adds irrelevant hits (picks up random numbers from abstracts). international poverty will cover international poverty line.

TS=
("extreme poverty" OR "severe poverty" OR "deep poverty" OR "abject poverty" OR "absolute poverty" OR "destitution" 
OR "global poverty" OR "international poverty"
)  

Target 1.2

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age

1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

This target is interpreted as to cover research about poverty and poor communities/groups. Research about decent work was considered for inclusion, as this is highlighted as a route out of poverty in the High level political forum document (UN 2017). However we have not included it - it is not necessarily linked to poverty, and articles linking this topic with poverty reduction can be expected to be covered by the phrase below.

This query consists of 1 phrase. The elements of the phrase are: poverty/the poor.

We have added the term NOT species poor to remove biology results found by the combination of poor with communit*.

TS=
(
  ("anti-poverty" OR "out of poverty"
  OR "poverty" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor"
  OR (("poor" OR "poorest") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "communit*" OR "children" OR "relief"))
  )
  NOT "species poor"
)

Target 1.3

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable

This target is interpreted as to cover research social protection systems and social floors.

To aid interpretation of "social protection" and find terms, we used a guide to terminology and types from the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (Carter et al. 2019). We interpreted social floors according to the ILO, as including basic health care and basic income security for certain groups (children, elderly, unemployed or unable to work) (International Labour Organization n.d.).

This query consists of 2 phrases. Some of the terms for services/systems work well without groups of people (phrase 1), but some need to be combined with "the poor and the vulnerable" to get relevant results (phrase 2).

Phrase 1

This phrase is about floors, protection systems and welfare systems. The elements of the phrase are: social protection systems.

As the social protection terms include a systemic element (systems, services) they do not need to be combined with groups of people. welfare state was considered but excluded as it leads mostly to papers about early welfare states and the history of those.

TS=
(
  "welfare system$" OR "welfare service$" OR "social security system"
  OR "basic social service$" OR "social assistance service$" OR "social floor$"
  OR "social protection program*" OR "social insurance program*" OR "social safety net$" OR "safety net program*"
)

Phrase 2

This phrase is also about social floors and systems, but includes the terms which work better when combined with groups of people. The elements of the phrase are:social protection/social floors + poor/vulnerable.

For the poor and vulnerable terms, we use general terms for poverty/low income, plus terms for "vulnerable" groups from indicator 1.3.1. We used UN sources to find additional terms and groups that can be considered "vulnerable" (Blanchard et al., 2017; Office of the High Commissioner, n.d.; United Nations, n.d.). "social care service$" OR "social service$" are sometimes considered a part of social protection (Carter et al. 2019) - we include them here, although they do introduce noise as there are many works which mention them as a factor (e.g. a health study that discusses whether participants had access to social care).

TS=
(
  ("social protection$" OR "social security" OR "social benefits" OR "social insurance"
  OR "basic income" OR "cash benefit$" OR "income security" OR "guaranteed income$" OR "living allowance" OR "housing assistance"
  OR "unemployment benefit$" OR "unemployment compensation" OR "unemployment insurance" OR "unemployment allowance" OR "labour market program*" OR "labor market program*" OR "public works program*"
  OR "disability benefit$" OR "disability allowance" OR "disability pension$" OR "disability tax credit$" OR "disability insurance"
  OR "health care benefit$" OR "sickness benefit$" OR "sick benefit" OR "sick pay" OR "paid sick leave" OR "paid medical leave" OR "sickness allowance"
  OR "paid matern* leave" OR "maternity pay" OR "maternity insurance" OR "maternity benefit$" OR "maternity allowance" OR "parental benefit$" OR "paid parental leave" OR "paid family leave" OR "family leave tax credit$" OR "parental leave tax credit$"
  OR "child benefit$" OR "child tax credit$" OR "child allowance"
  OR "pension$ insurance" OR "pension plan$" OR "pension benefit$" OR "public pension$" OR "state pension$"
  OR "social care service$" OR "social service$"
  )
  AND
    ("poverty" OR "the poor" OR "the poorest" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor" OR "destitute" OR "living in poverty"
    OR (("poor" OR "poorest" OR "low* income") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "children" OR "communit*" OR "neighbo$rhood*"))
    OR "the vulnerable" OR "vulnerable group$" OR "vulnerable communit*" OR "marginali?ed group$" OR "marginali$ed communit*" OR "disadvantaged group$" OR "disadvantaged communit*"
    OR "slum" OR "slums" OR "shanty town$" OR "informal settlement*" OR "homeless"
    OR (("person$" OR "people$" OR "adult$") NEAR/3 ("vulnerable" OR "marginali$ed" OR "disadvantaged" OR "discriminated" OR "displaced*" OR "patient$" OR "trans" OR "intersex" OR "older" OR "old" OR "elderly" OR "retired" OR "indigenous"))
    OR "disabled" OR "disabilities" OR "disability"
    OR "elderly" OR "elders" OR "pensioners" OR "vulnerable seniors"
    OR "unemployed" OR (("work" OR "workplace" OR "worker$" OR "occupational") NEAR/3 ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "illness*" OR "accident$"))
    OR "women" OR "woman" OR "girls" OR "girl"
    OR "pregnant" OR "pregnancy" OR "maternity"
    OR "child" OR "children" OR "infant$" OR "babies" OR "newborn$" OR "toddler$" OR "youth$"
    OR "sexual minorit*" OR "LGBT*" OR "lesbian$" OR "gay" OR "bisexual" OR "transgender*"
    OR "living with HIV" OR "living with AIDS"
    OR "ethnic minorit*" OR "minority group$" OR "refugee$" OR "migrant$" OR "immigrant$" OR "asylum*"
    OR "indigenous group$"
    )
)

Target 1.4

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services

1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure

This target is interpreted to cover research about:

  • Access and rights to financial services ("financial inclusion"). We interpret this as money-based resources. For this we include research about microfinance, and access to digital finance and mobile money, plus other more traditional financial products/financial services. Includes credit, savings, payment services, fund transfers and insurance.
  • Rights and access to economic resources and land/property/inheritance/natural resources (including rights for tenure, ownership and control, and security). We interpret "economic resources" to include mentioned elements such as land, natural resources and technology, but could also include human capital/labour (e.g. access to employment).
  • Access to basic services

We based this interpretation of financial and economic resources on Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2009) (p1), which states:

Economic resources refer to the direct factors of production such as “immoveable” assets, including land, housing, common pool resources and infrastructure, as well as “moveable” assets, such as productive equipment, technology and livestock. Financial resources refer to money-based resources, including government expenditures, private financial flows and official development assistance, as well as income, credit, savings and remittances. [...] Labour is the primary resource available to the vast majority of people, particularly those from low-income households [...]

Although the target states for "all men and women", we target the results to this SDG by combining the phrases also to an element about "the poor and the vulnerable". We do this because a) some of the search terms are quite general (for example, appear in general economic research), and b) because other SDGs refer to access to specific basic services (e.g. modern energy in SDG 7, essential healthcare in SDG 3); thus we assume that the most relevant research for this target should also be somewhat related to poverty/poor/vulnerable.

Phrase 1

This phrase covers access and rights to financial services. The elements of the phrase are: inclusion/microfinance // access + financial services + poor/vulnerable.

Sources of terms for financial services included Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2009) and a digital financial inclusion report from the UNSGSA et al. (2018). For the topic approach, we allow some terms which are already closely related to the idea of access to stand alone without being connected to access or rights explicitly; this includes microfinance types (where access is a primary objective) and financial inclusion.

For the poor and vulnerable terms, we use general terms for poverty/low income, plus terms for "vulnerable" groups from indicator 1.3.1. We used UN sources to find additional terms and groups that can be considered "vulnerable" (Blanchard et al., 2017; Office of the High Commissioner, n.d.; United Nations, n.d.). We include least developed countries also (on the assumption that the population there as a whole can, on a global scale, be considered poorer or more vulnerable).

TS= ("financial inclusion" OR "microfinanc*" OR "micro-financ*" OR "microinsurance" OR "micro-insurance" OR "microcredit" OR "micro-credit" OR "microloan$" OR "micro-loan$")
OR TS=
(
  (
    ("access*" OR "equitab*" OR "equity" OR "equality" OR "equal"
    OR "ownership" OR "control" OR "right$" OR "empower*" OR "inclusion"
    OR "affordab*" OR "pro poor" OR "inexpensive" OR "free of charge" OR "free service$"
    OR "inaccessib*" OR "barrier$" OR "obstacle$" OR "unequal" OR "inequalit*" OR "inequitab*" OR "exclusion"
    OR "unaffordab*" OR "expensive"
    OR "unbanked"
    )
    NEAR/15
      ("banks" OR "a bank" OR "banking" OR "bank account$"
      OR "digital finance" OR "mobile money" OR "electronic payments" OR "digital payment$" OR "fintech"
      OR "credit" OR "savings" OR "insurance" OR "payment service$" OR "transfer service$" OR "transfer funds"
      OR (("financial" OR "monetary") NEAR/1 ("resourc*" OR "opportunit*" OR "asset*" OR "servic*"))
      )
  )
  AND
    ("poverty" OR "the poor" OR "the poorest" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor" OR "destitute" OR "living in poverty"
    OR (("poor" OR "poorest" OR "low* income") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "children" OR "communit*" OR "neighbo$rhood*"))
    OR "the vulnerable" OR "vulnerable group$" OR "vulnerable communit*" OR "marginali?ed group$" OR "marginali$ed communit*" OR "disadvantaged group$" OR "disadvantaged communit*"
    OR "slum" OR "slums" OR "shanty town$" OR "informal settlement*" OR "homeless"
    OR (("person$" OR "people$" OR "adult$") NEAR/3 ("vulnerable" OR "marginali$ed" OR "disadvantaged" OR "discriminated" OR "displaced*" OR "patient$" OR "trans" OR "intersex" OR "older" OR "old" OR "elderly" OR "retired" OR "indigenous"))
    OR "disabled" OR "disabilities" OR "disability"
    OR "elderly" OR "elders" OR "pensioners" OR "vulnerable seniors"
    OR "unemployed" OR (("work" OR "workplace" OR "worker$" OR "occupational") NEAR/3 ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "illness*" OR "accident$"))
    OR "women" OR "woman" OR "girls" OR "girl"
    OR "pregnant" OR "pregnancy" OR "maternity"
    OR "child" OR "children" OR "infant$" OR "babies" OR "newborn$" OR "toddler$" OR "youth$"
    OR "sexual minorit*" OR "LGBT*" OR "lesbian$" OR "gay" OR "bisexual" OR "transgender*"
    OR "living with HIV" OR "living with AIDS"
    OR "ethnic minorit*" OR "minority group$" OR "refugee$" OR "migrant$" OR "immigrant$" OR "asylum*"
    OR "indigenous group$"
    OR "least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$" OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
    )
)

Phrase 2

This phrase covers access and rights to economic resources, natural resources, land, property and inheritance. The elements of the phrase are: access/rights + resources + poor/vulnerable.

"security" is used in phrases because otherwise there are many results about food security. For the poor and vulnerable terms, we use general terms for poverty/low income, plus terms for "vulnerable" groups from indicator 1.3.1. We used UN sources to find additional terms and groups that can be considered "vulnerable" (Blanchard et al., 2017; Office of the High Commissioner, n.d.; United Nations, n.d.). We include least developed countries also (on the assumption that the population there as a whole can, on a global scale, be considered poorer or more vulnerable).

TS=
(
  (
    ("access*" OR "equitab*" OR "equity" OR "equality" OR "equal"
    OR "ownership" OR "control" OR "right$"
    OR "affordab*" OR "pro poor"
    OR "empower*" OR "inclusion" OR "sharing"
    OR "tenure security" OR "secure tenure" OR "income security" OR "secure livelihood$"
    OR "inaccessib*" OR "barrier$" OR "obstacle$" OR "unequal" OR "inequalit*" OR "inequitab*"
    OR "unaffordab*" OR "exclusion" OR "land grab*" OR "insecurity"
    )      
    NEAR/5
        ("economic resource$" OR "employment" OR "decent work" OR "paid work" OR "labour market$"
        OR "income" OR "livelihood$" OR "wealth" OR "inheritance"
        OR "land" OR "lands" OR "farmland$" OR "property" OR "natural resource$" OR "tenure"
        )
  )
  AND
      ("poverty" OR "the poor" OR "the poorest" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor" OR "destitute" OR "living in poverty"
      OR (("poor" OR "poorest" OR "low* income") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "children" OR "communit*" OR "neighbo$rhood*"))
      OR "the vulnerable" OR "vulnerable group$" OR "vulnerable communit*" OR "marginali?ed group$" OR "marginali$ed communit*" OR "disadvantaged group$" OR "disadvantaged communit*"
      OR "slum" OR "slums" OR "shanty town$" OR "informal settlement*" OR "homeless"
      OR (("person$" OR "people$" OR "adult$") NEAR/3 ("vulnerable" OR "marginali$ed" OR "disadvantaged" OR "discriminated" OR "displaced*" OR "patient$" OR "trans" OR "intersex" OR "older" OR "old" OR "elderly" OR "retired" OR "indigenous"))
      OR "disabled" OR "disabilities" OR "disability"
      OR "elderly" OR "elders" OR "pensioners" OR "vulnerable seniors"
      OR "unemployed" OR (("work" OR "workplace" OR "worker$" OR "occupational") NEAR/3 ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "illness*" OR "accident$"))
      OR "women" OR "woman" OR "girls" OR "girl"
      OR "pregnant" OR "pregnancy" OR "maternity"
      OR "child" OR "children" OR "infant$" OR "babies" OR "newborn$" OR "toddler$" OR "youth$"
      OR "sexual minorit*" OR "LGBT*" OR "lesbian$" OR "gay" OR "bisexual" OR "transgender*"
      OR "living with HIV" OR "living with AIDS"
      OR "ethnic minorit*" OR "minority group$" OR "refugee$" OR "migrant$" OR "immigrant$" OR "asylum*"
      OR "indigenous group$"
      OR "least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$" OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
      )
)

Phrase 3

Phrase 3 covers access to basic services. The elements of the phrase are: access + basic services + poor/vulnerable.

Basic services terms were gathered from documentation for indicator 1.4.1 in the SDG Indicators Metadata Repository (UN Statistics Division, 2022) and a presentation from UNESCAP/UN Habitat (Njiru, 2018).

For the poor and vulnerable terms, we use general terms for poverty/low income, plus terms for "vulnerable" groups from indicator 1.3.1. We used UN sources to find additional terms and groups that can be considered "vulnerable" (Blanchard et al., 2017; Office of the High Commissioner, n.d.; United Nations, n.d.).

TS=
(
  (
    ("access*" OR "equitab*" OR "equity" OR "equality" OR "equal" OR "empower*" OR "inclusion"
    OR "ownership" OR "right$"
    OR "affordab*" OR "inexpensive" OR "low cost" OR "pro poor" OR "free of charge" OR "free service$"
    )
    NEAR/10
        (
          ("basic" NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities"))
        OR
          (("drinking water" OR "sanitation" OR "hygiene" OR "toilet" OR "handwashing" OR "hand-washing" OR "sewage" OR "WASH")
          NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities" OR "basic" OR "safe")
          )
        OR "improved drinking water" OR "improved source$ of drinking water" OR "clean drinking water" OR "clean water"
        OR (("waste" OR "garbage" OR "rubbish") NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities"))
        OR (("health" OR "medical") NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities" OR "basic" OR "essential" OR "primary" OR "care"))
        OR "healthcare"
        OR (("education*" OR "school*") NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities" OR "basic" OR "primary"))
        OR
          (("basic information" OR "telecommunication" OR "basic communication" OR "ICT")
          	NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "facility" OR "facilities" OR "infrastructure")
          )
        OR "electricity service$" OR "energy service$" OR "modern energy" OR "clean fuel$" OR "clean energy"
        OR "public open space$" OR "public space$"
        OR "basic mobility" OR "urban mobility" OR "rural mobility" OR "all-season road$"
        OR ("transport*" NEAR/2 ("service$" OR "infrastructure" OR "system$" OR "public"))
        )
  )
  AND
    ("poverty" OR "the poor" OR "the poorest" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor" OR "destitute" OR "living in poverty"
    OR (("poor" OR "poorest" OR "low* income") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "children" OR "communit*" OR "neighbo$rhood*"))
    OR "the vulnerable" OR "vulnerable group$" OR "vulnerable communit*" OR "marginali?ed group$" OR "marginali$ed communit*" OR "disadvantaged group$" OR "disadvantaged communit*"
    OR "slum" OR "slums" OR "shanty town$" OR "informal settlement*" OR "homeless"
    OR (("person$" OR "people$" OR "adult$") NEAR/3 ("vulnerable" OR "marginali$ed" OR "disadvantaged" OR "discriminated" OR "displaced*" OR "patient$" OR "trans" OR "intersex" OR "older" OR "old" OR "elderly" OR "retired" OR "indigenous"))
    OR "disabled" OR "disabilities" OR "disability"
    OR "elderly" OR "elders" OR "pensioners" OR "vulnerable seniors"
    OR "unemployed" OR (("work" OR "workplace" OR "worker$" OR "occupational") NEAR/3 ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "illness*" OR "accident$"))
    OR "women" OR "woman" OR "girls" OR "girl"
    OR "pregnant" OR "pregnancy" OR "maternity"
    OR "child" OR "children" OR "infant$" OR "babies" OR "newborn$" OR "toddler$" OR "youth$"
    OR "sexual minorit*" OR "LGBT*" OR "lesbian$" OR "gay" OR "bisexual" OR "transgender*"
    OR "living with HIV" OR "living with AIDS"
    OR "ethnic minorit*" OR "minority group$" OR "refugee$" OR "migrant$" OR "immigrant$" OR "asylum*"
    OR "indigenous group$"
    )
)

Target 1.5

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population

1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)

1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

1.5.4 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies

This target is interpreted to cover research about resilience and impacts of disasters for the poor and those in vulnerable situations. We consider "climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters" to cover all kinds of disasters.

The target is limited to "the poor and those in vulnerable situations". For the poor and vulnerable terms, we use general terms for poverty/low income, plus terms for "vulnerable" groups from indicator 1.3.1. We used UN sources to find additional terms and groups that can be considered "vulnerable" (Blanchard et al., 2017; Office of the High Commissioner, n.d.; United Nations, n.d.). We have also included terms for least-developed countries and small-island developing states, based on the assumption that these populations may be considered more vulnerable when it comes to disasters.

We have used the hazards listed in Murray et al., (2021) to make a list of disasters based on their classification of hazards into hydrological/meteorological, geohazards, environmental, chemical, biological, technological, and societal.

This query consists of 1 phrase. The elements of the phrase are: disaster + poor/vulnerable.

TS=
(
  (
    ("protect*" OR "safeguard*"  
    OR "safety net$" OR "social protection$" OR "social floor$" OR "social security"
    OR "coping" OR "cope" OR "adapt*" OR "resilien*" OR "mitigat*" OR "preparedness" OR "protection" OR "early warning"
    OR "impact$" OR "vulnerab*" OR "exposure"
    OR
      (
        ("disaster$" OR "risk$")
        NEAR/3
            ("plan" OR "plans" OR "planning" OR "strateg*" OR "reduc*" OR "relief"
            OR "manag*" OR "program$" OR "programme$" OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "medical response$"
            )
      )
    OR "Sendai"
    )
    NEAR/15
        ("disaster$" OR "catastrophe$"
        OR ("extreme$" NEAR/3 ("climat*" OR "weather" OR "precipitation" OR "rain" OR "snow" OR "temperature$" OR "storm$" OR "wind$"))
        OR "rogue wave$" OR "tsunami$" OR "tropical cyclone$" OR "typhoon$" OR "hurricane$" OR "tornado*"
        OR "drought$" OR "flood*"
        OR "avalanche$" OR "landslide$" OR "land-slide$" OR "rockslide$" OR "rock-slide$" OR "rockfall$" OR "surface collapse$" OR "mudflow$" OR "mud-flow$"
        OR "cold spells" OR "cold wave$" OR "dzud$" OR "blizzard$" OR "heatwave$" OR "heat-wave$"
        OR "earthquake$" OR "volcanic activity" OR "volcanic emission$" OR "volcanic eruption$" OR "ash fall" OR "tephra fall"
        OR "wildfire*" OR "wild-fire*" OR "forest fire*" OR "forestfire*"
        OR ("sea level" NEAR/3 ("chang*" OR "rising" OR "rise$"))
        OR (  
              ("anthropogenic" OR "natural" OR "climat*"
              OR "environmental" OR "deforestation" OR "desertification" OR "degredation" OR "pollution" OR "erosion"
              OR "chemical" OR "heavy metal$" OR "pesticide$"
              OR "biological" OR "disease" OR "zoonotic"
              OR "technological" OR "radioactive" OR "nuclear" OR "cyber" OR "industrial" OR "construction" OR "transportation"
              )
              NEAR/3 ("hazard$")
           )
        OR "outbreak$" OR "pandemic$" OR "epidemic$"
        OR "war" OR "wars" OR "armed conflict$"
        OR (("volatil*" OR "unstable" OR "instability" OR "unrest") NEAR/5 ("political$" OR "civil"))
        OR "financial crash*" OR "financial shock$" OR "financial disaster$"
        OR "economic downturn$" OR "economic shock$" OR "economic disaster$"
        )
  )
  AND
      ("poverty" OR "the poor" OR "the poorest" OR "rural poor" OR "urban poor" OR "working poor" OR "destitute" OR "living in poverty"
      OR (("poor" OR "poorest" OR "low* income") NEAR/3 ("household$" OR "people" OR "children" OR "communit*" OR "neighbo$rhood*"))
      OR "the vulnerable" OR "vulnerable group$" OR "vulnerable communit*" OR "marginali?ed group$" OR "marginali$ed communit*" OR "disadvantaged group$" OR "disadvantaged communit*"
      OR "slum" OR "slums" OR "shanty town$" OR "informal settlement*" OR "homeless"
      OR (("person$" OR "people$" OR "adult$") NEAR/3 ("vulnerable" OR "marginali$ed" OR "disadvantaged" OR "discriminated" OR "displaced*" OR "patient$" OR "trans" OR "intersex" OR "older" OR "old" OR "elderly" OR "retired" OR "indigenous"))
      OR "disabled" OR "disabilities" OR "disability"
      OR "elderly" OR "elders" OR "pensioners" OR "vulnerable seniors"
      OR "unemployed" OR (("work" OR "workplace" OR "worker$" OR "occupational") NEAR/3 ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "illness*" OR "accident$"))
      OR "women" OR "woman" OR "girls" OR "girl"
      OR "pregnant" OR "pregnancy" OR "maternity"
      OR "child" OR "children" OR "infant$" OR "babies" OR "newborn$" OR "toddler$" OR "youth$"
      OR "sexual minorit*" OR "LGBT*" OR "lesbian$" OR "gay" OR "bisexual" OR "transgender*"
      OR "living with HIV" OR "living with AIDS"
      OR "ethnic minorit*" OR "minority group$" OR "refugee$" OR "migrant$" OR "immigrant$" OR "asylum*"
      OR "indigenous group$"
      OR "least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$" OR "small island developing" OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
      OR "Antigua and Barbuda" OR "Antigua & Barbuda" OR "antiguan$" OR "Bahamas" OR "Bahrain" OR "Barbados" OR "Belize" OR "Cabo Verde" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Cuba" OR "cuban$" OR "Dominica*" OR "Dominican Republic" OR "Micronesia*" OR "Fiji" OR "fijian$" OR "Grenada*" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "Guyana*" OR "Haiti*" OR "Jamaica*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Maldives" OR "maldivian$" OR "Marshall Islands" OR "Mauritius" OR "mauritian$" OR "Nauru*" OR "Palau*" OR "Papua New Guinea*" OR "Saint Kitts and Nevis" OR "st kitts and nevis" OR "Saint Lucia*" OR "St Lucia*" OR "Vincent and the Grenadines" OR "Vincent & the Grenadines" OR "Samoa*" OR "Sao Tome" OR "Seychelles" OR "seychellois*" OR "Singapore*" OR "Solomon Islands" OR "Surinam*" OR "Timor-Leste" OR "timorese" OR "Tonga*" OR "Trinidad and Tobago" OR "Trinidad & Tobago" OR "trinidadian$" OR "tobagonian$" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Anguilla*" OR "Aruba*" OR "Bermuda*" OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Northern Mariana$" OR "Cook Islands" OR "Curacao" OR "French Polynesia*" OR "Guadeloupe*" OR "Guam" OR "Martinique" OR "Montserrat" OR "New Caledonia*" OR "Niue" OR "Puerto Rico" OR "puerto rican" OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Turks and Caicos" OR "Turks & Caicos" OR "Virgin Islands"
    )  
)

Target 1.a

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions.

1.a.1 Total official development assistance grants from all donors that focus on poverty reduction as a share of the recipient country’s gross national income

1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)

This target is interpreted to cover research about international investment and poverty in developing countries. This query consists of 1 phrase. The elements of the phrase are: international financing/cooperation + poverty + developing countries.

TS=
(
  (
    ("ODA" OR "development spending" OR "cooperation fund"
    OR  (
          ("international" OR "development" OR "foreign")
          NEAR/3
              ("cooperat*" OR "co-operat*" OR "collaborat*" OR "network$" OR "partnership$"
              OR "aid" OR "assistance"
              OR "fund$" OR "funding" OR "grant$" OR "investment$" OR "investing" OR "financing" OR "financial support" OR "financial resources" OR "capital flow$"
              )
        )    
    )
    NEAR/15 ("anti-poverty" OR "out of poverty" OR "pro poor" OR "poverty")
  )
  AND
      ("least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$"
      OR "developing countr*" OR "developing nation$" OR "developing states" OR "developing world"
      OR "less developed countr*" OR "less developed nation$"
      OR "under developed countr*" OR "under developed nation$" OR "underdeveloped countr*" OR "underdeveloped nation$"
      OR "underserved countr*" OR "underserved nation$"
      OR "deprived countr*" OR "deprived nation$"
      OR "middle income countr*" OR "middle income nation$"
      OR "low income countr*" OR "low income nation$" OR "lower income countr*" OR "lower income nation$"
      OR "poor countr*" OR "poor nation$" OR "poorer countr*" OR "poorer nation$"
      OR "lmic" OR "lmics" OR "third world" OR "global south" OR "lami countr*" OR "transitional countr*" OR "emerging economies" OR "emerging nation$"
      OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
      OR "Antigua and Barbuda" OR "Antigua & Barbuda" OR "antiguan$" OR "Bahamas" OR "Bahrain" OR "Barbados" OR "Belize" OR "Cabo Verde" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Cuba" OR "cuban$" OR "Dominica*" OR "Dominican Republic" OR "Micronesia*" OR "Fiji" OR "fijian$" OR "Grenada*" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "Guyana*" OR "Haiti*" OR "Jamaica*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Maldives" OR "maldivian$" OR "Marshall Islands" OR "Mauritius" OR "mauritian$" OR "Nauru*" OR "Palau*" OR "Papua New Guinea*" OR "Saint Kitts and Nevis" OR "st kitts and nevis" OR "Saint Lucia*" OR "St Lucia*" OR "Vincent and the Grenadines" OR "Vincent & the Grenadines" OR "Samoa*" OR "Sao Tome" OR "Seychelles" OR "seychellois*" OR "Singapore*" OR "Solomon Islands" OR "Surinam*" OR "Timor-Leste" OR "timorese" OR "Tonga*" OR "Trinidad and Tobago" OR "Trinidad & Tobago" OR "trinidadian$" OR "tobagonian$" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Anguilla*" OR "Aruba*" OR "Bermuda*" OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Northern Mariana$" OR "Cook Islands" OR "Curacao" OR "French Polynesia*" OR "Guadeloupe*" OR "Guam" OR "Martinique" OR "Montserrat" OR "New Caledonia*" OR "Niue" OR "Puerto Rico" OR "puerto rican" OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Turks and Caicos" OR "Turks & Caicos" OR "Virgin Islands"
      OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan*" OR "Armenia*" OR "Azerbaijan*" OR "Bhutan" OR "bhutanese" OR "Bolivia*" OR "Botswana*" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burundi" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Eswatini" OR "eswantian" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Kazakhstan*" OR "kazakh" OR "Kyrgyzstan" OR "Kyrgyz*" OR "kirghizia" OR "kirgizstan" OR "Lao People’s Democratic Republic" OR "Laos" OR "Lesotho" OR "Malawi" OR "malawian" OR "Mali" OR "Mongolia*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Niger" OR "North Macedonia" OR "Republic of Macedonia" OR "Paraguay" OR "Moldova*" OR "Rwanda$" OR "South Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Swaziland" OR "Tajikistan" OR "tadjikistan" OR "tajikistani$" OR "Turkmenistan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Uzbekistan" OR "uzbekistani$" OR "Zambia" OR "zambian$" OR "Zimbabwe*"
      OR "albania*" OR "algeria*" OR "angola*" OR "argentina*" OR "azerbaijan*" OR "bahrain*" OR "belarus*" OR "byelarus*" OR "belorussia" OR "belize*" OR "honduras" OR "honduran" OR "dahomey" OR "bosnia*" OR "herzegovina*" OR "botswana*" OR "bechuanaland" OR "brazil*" OR "brasil*" OR "bulgaria*" OR "upper volta" OR "kampuchea" OR "khmer republic" OR "cameroon*" OR "cameroun" OR "ubangi shari" OR "chile*" OR "china" OR "chinese" OR "colombia*" OR "costa rica*" OR "cote d’ivoire" OR "cote divoire" OR "cote d ivoire" OR "ivory coast" OR "croatia*" OR "cyprus" OR "cypriot" OR "czech" OR "ecuador*" OR "egypt*" OR "united arab republic" OR "el salvador*" OR "estonia*" OR "eswatini" OR "swaziland" OR "swazi" OR "gabon" OR "gabonese" OR "gabonaise" OR "gambia*" OR "ghana*" OR "gibralta*" OR "greece" OR "greek" OR "honduras" OR "honduran$" OR "hungary" OR "hungarian$" OR "india" OR "indian$" OR "indonesia*" OR "iran" OR "iranian$" OR "iraq" OR "iraqi$" OR "isle of man" OR "jordan" OR "jordanian$" OR "kenya*" OR "korea*" OR "kosovo" OR "kosovan$" OR "latvia*" OR "lebanon" OR "lebanese" OR "libya*" OR "lithuania*" OR "macau" OR "macao" OR "macanese" OR "malagasy" OR "malaysia*" OR "malay federation" OR "malaya federation" OR "malta" OR "maltese" OR "mauritania" OR "mauritanian$" OR "mexico" OR "mexican$" OR "montenegr*" OR "morocco" OR "moroccan$" OR "namibia*" OR "netherlands antilles" OR "nicaragua*" OR "nigeria*" OR "oman" OR "omani$" OR "muscat" OR "pakistan*" OR "panama*" OR "papua new guinea*" OR "peru" OR "peruvian$" OR "philippine$" OR "philipine$" OR "phillipine$" OR "phillippine$" OR "filipino$" OR "filipina$" OR "poland" OR "polish" OR "portugal" OR "portugese" OR "romania*" OR "russia" OR "russian$" OR "polynesia*" OR "saudi arabia*" OR "serbia*" OR "slovakia*" OR "slovak republic" OR "slovenia*" OR "melanesia*" OR "south africa*" OR "sri lanka*" OR "dutch guiana" OR "netherlands guiana" OR "syria" OR "syrian$" OR "thailand" OR "thai" OR "tunisia*" OR "ukraine" OR "ukrainian$" OR "uruguay*" OR "venezuela*" OR "vietnam*" OR "west bank" OR "gaza" OR "palestine" OR "palestinian$" OR "yugoslavia*" OR "turkish" OR "turkey" OR "georgia*"
      )
)

Target 1.b

1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

1.b.1 Pro-poor public social spending

This target is interpreted to cover research about policies that can stimulate investment in antipoverty actions. This is however very difficult to build a search string for, as the terms are used for more than one aspect (policy to encourage investment in anti-poverty policies). Therefore we expanded the interpretation to include research about international and national policies and poverty reduction.

The elements of the phrase are: policy + antipoverty. Note that this phrase is the same as the action approach.

TS=
(
  ("law$" OR "legislat*"
  OR "program*" OR "strateg*" OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "plan" OR "framework$" OR "initiative$"
  OR "investment policy" OR "investment policies"
  )
  NEAR/15
      ("anti-poverty" OR "out of poverty" OR "pro poor"
      OR  ("poverty"
          NEAR/3
              ("minimi*" OR "reduc*" OR "mitigat*"
              OR "alleviat*" OR "tackl*" OR "fight*" OR "combat*"
              OR "end" OR "ending" OR "eliminat*" OR "eradicat*" OR "prevent*"
              OR "lift out of" OR "lifting out of" OR "overcom*" OR "escap*" OR "relief"  
              )
          )
      )
)

Works mentioning the SDG

This phrase finds research which mentions this SDG. We include this as we consider works mentioning the SDG as relevant, and want to ensure they are found. It includes terms for the goal, and excludes specialist terms that may use the SDG acronym.

TS=
("SDG 1" OR "SDGs 1" OR "SDG1" OR "sustainable development goal$ 1"
OR 
  (
    ("sustainable development goal$" OR "SDG$" OR "goal 1")
    NEAR/50 "poverty"
  )
)
NOT 
  TS=("secoisolariciresinol diglycoside"
  OR "secoisolariciresinol diglucoside"
  OR "SD-stearic acid"
  OR "SD-HPMC"
  OR "short-duration grazing (SDG)"
  OR "short-duration group (SDG)"
  OR "set domain group (SDG)"
  OR "spleen-derived growth factor (SDG)"
  OR "steel design guide series (SDG)"
  OR "steel design guide (SDG)"
  OR "spray-dried gelatin (SDG)"
  OR "single-display groupware (SDG)"
  )

4. Contributions

  • v2019.12: Marta Lorenz, Caroline S. Armitage, Susanne Mikki

  • v1.0.0: Marta Lorenz (Sep 2021-Apr 2022), Caroline S. Armitage (May 2022-Oct 2022)

  • Internal review: Håkon Magne Bjerkan, Caroline S. Armitage (March 2022); Inger Gåsemyr (minor review Oct 2022)

Specialist input: Awaiting specialist input.

5. Footnotes

Aurora Universities Network. (2020). Search Queries for “Mapping Research Output to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” v5.0. [Dataset]. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3817445.

Blanchard et al. (2017). Words into action guidelines: National Disaster Risk Assessment. Special Topics: K. Consideration of Marginalized and Minority Groups in a National Disaster Risk Assessment. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/marginalized-and-minority-groups-consideration-ndra (opens in a new tab).

Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2009) 2009 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women’s Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance. United Nations. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2009.pdf (opens in a new tab)

Carter, Roelen, Enfield & Avis (2019) Types of social protection. Governance and Social Development Resource Centre. (https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/social-protection/types-of-social-protection/ (opens in a new tab)) [Accessed May 2022].

International Labour Organization (n.d.) Social protection floor. (https://www.ilo.org/secsoc/areas-of-work/policy-development-and-applied-research/social-protection-floor/lang--en/index.htm (opens in a new tab)) [Accessed May 2022].

Murray, V. et al. (2021) Hazard Information Profiles: Supplement to UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report: Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction; Paris, France, International Science Council. (https://council.science/publications/hazard-information-profiles/).[↩ (opens in a new tab)](#disasters)

Njiru, E. (March 2018) Introducing indicator 1.4.1. UNESCAP, UN Habitat Global Urban Observatory. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Indicator%201.4.1_Basic%20Services.pdf (opens in a new tab) (accessed Jun 2022).

Office of the High Commissioner (n.d.) Non-discrimination: Groups in vulnerable situations. Special Rapporteur on the right to health. United Nations Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-health/non-discrimination-groups-vulnerable-situations (opens in a new tab) (accessed Jun 2022).

UNSGSA (Office of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development, Her Majesty Queen Máxima of the Netherlands), the Better Than Cash Alliance, the United Nations Capital Development (UNCDF), and the World Bank. (2018). Igniting SDG Progress through Digital Financial Inclusion. https://www.betterthancash.org/explore-resources/igniting-sdg-progress-through-digital-financial-inclusion (opens in a new tab) [accessed 30.04.2022]

UN Statistics Division. (2021). Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/71/313, E/CN.3/2018/2, E/CN.3/2019/2, E/CN.3/2020/2, E/CN.3/2021/2. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202021%20refinement_Eng.pdf (opens in a new tab) [accessed 8 August 2021]

UN Statistics Division (2022). SDG Indicators Metadata Repository. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata (opens in a new tab)

United Nations (2017) 2017 HLPF Thematic Review of SDG 1: End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/14379SDG1format-final_OD.pdf (opens in a new tab)

United Nations. (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). World Economic Situation and Prospects; Statistical Annex. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/document_gem/global-economic-monitoring-unit/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-wesp-report/ (opens in a new tab)

United Nations (n.d.) Fight racism. Vulnerable groups, who are they?. https://www.un.org/en/fight-racism/vulnerable-groups?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI9ODI_PvC9wIVV53VCh3pQgZCEAAYASAAEgInB_D_BwE (opens in a new tab) (accessed Jun 2022).